新疆生产建设兵团第四师71团玉米密植高产全程机械化生产技术模式发展调研

从种植品种、种植密度与种植方式、机械化作业和收储烘干等环节对新疆生产建设兵团第四师71团场玉米生产技术的发展进行调研。分析表明,71团场位于西北灌溉玉米区,通过规模化、标准化生产和统一作业管理,以密植增产为基础、子粒收获为核心、绿色防控与秸秆还田为保障构建的玉米密植高产全程机械化绿色生产技术,实现了高产和高效的协同提高与绿色可持续生产。经农业农村部专家指导组田间测产验收,2012年、2014年和2017年连续创造16701 kg/hm^2、18414 kg/hm^2和18447 kg/hm^2的全国玉米大面积(700 hm^2)高产纪录,净利润在15000元/hm^2以上,为现代玉米生产树立了成功的模式和样板。     

长期少免耕对中国东北玉米农田土壤呼吸及碳氮变化的影响

在黑土区37年不同耕作模式定位试验田，采用原位法比较常规旋耕灭茬起垄（CT）、旋耕留高茬行间深松-少耕（RT）、免耕（NT）和深翻（PT）4种耕作模式土壤呼吸速率及其与土壤温度和湿度的关系，测定土壤总碳氮、无机氮，微生物碳氮的变化。结果表明，玉米生育期间土壤呼吸呈单峰变化，开花期达最大值，生长季平均呼吸速率依次为RT > NT > CT > PT。4个处理土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率间存在显著指数关系。不同耕作模式0~10 cm土壤温度可解释土壤呼吸速率变异的38.3%~67.9%，温度敏感性系数Q10范围为2.1~5.3；RT和NT处理显著提高0~20 cm土壤碳氮含量；RT处理在0~20 cm土壤中微生物碳含量均高于CT、NT和PT处理。RT处理土壤呼吸对温度响应提高，RT和NT处理显著增加上层土壤总碳氮含量，利于土壤质量提升。     

泰州市稻田综合种养产业发展分析及建议

系统阐述了泰州市稻田综合种养产业的发展现状,包括分布区域、经营主体、种养模式等,统计了不同种养模式的应用面积、产量及收益,对稻田综合种养及常规稻麦种植两种模式下的经济效益进行了对比。结果表明,稻田综合种养模式能显著提高土地利用率,促进当地农业增效和农民增收。通过对稻田综合种养模式推广应用过程中的比较优势以及存在问题进行系统分析,提出了针对性的解决措施和建议。     

武威市畜禽粪污土地承载潜力分析

为评估武威市畜禽养殖粪污土地承载潜力,本文按照以地定畜、种养平衡的原则,从畜禽粪污养分供给和土壤粪肥养分需求的角度出发,科学测算了武威市近三年畜禽粪污养分供给量和本区域植物粪肥养分需求量,分析武威市各县区畜禽粪污土地理论承载力和实际承载力差距,推算出潜在承载力,为政府决策、部门制定畜牧业发展规划提供依据。     

生猪保险查勘定损工作中的生物安全风险防范措施探讨

在非洲猪瘟防控新形势下,各猪场都高度重视生物安全,对生物安全风险防范工作提出了新的要求。在这种情况下,过去生猪保险查勘定损中的一些传统做法已经不能适应新形势,出现了猪场封闭式管理和查勘定损工作相冲突,病死猪理赔监督不到位、死亡原因不明、处理不及时以及部分查勘员生物安全意识淡薄等现象。对此,有关部门和机构应加强生物安全培训,采用网络和电子化等手段变革传统工作方式,在保险机构和畜牧兽医部门间加强联动和信息共享,把查勘定损、无害化处理和疫病监测溯源工作有机结合,把生物安全风险降到最低。     

基于现代学徒制的畜牧兽医人才工匠精神培育研究

现代学徒制背景下培育学生工匠精神,是高职院校培养符合企业需求高水平高素质技术技能型人才的重要方法。文章从现代学徒制背景下工匠精神内涵、工匠精神价值及培育工匠精神的路径等方面,探究现代学徒制视域下畜牧兽医专业群学生工匠精神培育的重要性。     

甘州区规模化羊场主要疫病及防控措施探讨

肉羊养殖逐渐向规模化方向发展,但是口蹄疫、小反刍兽疫、羊布病等疫病防控面临形势愈加严重。需要从羊场设计、加强饲养管理、消毒、驱虫、制定合理免疫程序加强防检疫工作等多方面采取综合防控措施,降低疫病风险,取得最大养殖效益。     

Dynamics of nitrogen translocation from mature leaves to new shoots and related gene expression during spring shoots development in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.)

The contribution of N remobilization is crucial for new shoots growth and quality formation during spring tea shoots development. However, the translocation mechanism of N from source leaves to sink young shoots is not well understood. In the present study, ¹⁵N urea was applied to mature tea leaves one week before bud break to track N remobilization in a field experiment. The dynamic changes in plant ¹⁵N abundance, contents of amino acids, and the expression levels of genes related to N metabolism and translocation were followed during the 18‐d development of new spring shoots until three expanding young leaves. The results showed that during the growth of new shoots the amount of ¹⁵N in the shoots increased, whereas the N_dff (N derived from ¹⁵N‐urea) in mature leaves decreased, showing that the foliar‐applied N in mature leaves was readily exported to new shoots. This process was found to be accompanied by decline of chlorophylls. In the mature leaves, expression CsATG18a and CsSAG12 involved in autophagy was dramatically induced (> 4‐fold) at approximately nine days after the bud breaking. The genes involved in the transformation of amino acids, including primarily CsGDH2, CsGDH4, CsGLT3, CsGS1;3, and CsASN2 were upregulated by > 3‐fold after bud breaking. The expression levels of CsATG8A, CsATG9, CsSAG12, CsGS1;1, CsGDH1, and CsAAP6 correlated negatively with the N_dff in mature leaves, but positively with ¹⁵N amount and total N amount in new shoots, suggesting these genes played important roles in N export from mature leaves. In the new shoots, the expression of most genes showed two defined peaks, one on six days and one on 12 days after bud breaking. The expression of CsGS2, CsASN3, CsGLT1, and CsAAP4 positively correlated with the ¹⁵N amount and total N amount in new shoots. These genes might be involved in the transport and re‐assimilation of N from mature leaves. The overall results demonstrated that the translocation of ¹⁵N from mature leaves to new spring shoots was regulated by the genes involved in autophagy, protein degradation, amino acid transformation and transport.     

Application of urease inhibitor improves protein composition and bread‐baking quality of urea fertilized winter wheat

Background: Nitrogen losses is an economic problem for wheat production and a high risk to the environment. Therefore, improved N fertilizer management is a key to increasing the N efficiency and minimizing N losses. To increase N efficiency, enhanced fertilizers such as urea combined with urease inhibitor can be used. Aims: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of different N forms on grain storage protein subunits in winter wheat and to examine whether the observed changes correlate with parameters of baking quality. Methods: The investigation was performed over two consecutive years at two locations in Germany. Protein subunits were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Results: Protein concentrations were similarly increased after fertilization with ammonium nitrate and urea + urease inhibitor. Analysis of the individual storage protein fractions indicated that both fertilizers specifically enhanced ω‐gliadins and HMW glutenins, but the effect was more pronounced in the ammonium nitrate treatment. Application of urea + urease inhibitor had greater influence on the protein composition and resulted in higher specific baking volume as well as the best fresh keeping ability, in comparison with urea treatment. Conclusion: Considering that the urea + urease inhibitor treatment resulted in almost comparable improvements of NUE and baking quality, with the additional benefit of reduced N losses in combination with easy handling, urea + urease inhibitor can be recommended as a viable alternative to both urea alone and ammonium nitrate treatments. This opens up an opportunity for the reduction of N loss in wheat production when use of urea is preferred.     

冀北地区近50 a马铃薯需水量及水分盈亏时空变化特征

为高效利用水资源,提高农业生产效益,根据联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐的参考作物蒸散计算方法和相关作物系数法,利用河北省马铃薯主要种植区域(冀北地区)23个地面气象站的资料,计算了冀北地区近50a(1969—2018年)马铃薯生育期内的需水量和缺水量,并分析了马铃薯生育期内降水量、有效降水量、需水量、缺水量变化趋势,以及不同区域不同生育期马铃薯需水量、缺水量的变化特征。结果表明:1)近50 a冀北地区马铃薯生育期内降水量、有效降水量年际变化可分为2个阶段:1969—2003年呈减少趋势,气候倾向率分别为–15.68 mm·(10a)~(–1)、–6.61 mm·(10a)~(–1);而2004—2018年呈显著增加趋势,气候倾向率分别为60.07 mm·(10a)~(–1)、9.68 mm·(10a)~(–1)。近50 a平均降水量、有效降水量分别为356.5 mm和148.6 mm;空间上均呈自西向东逐渐递减的带状特征。2)近50a马铃薯生育期需水量和缺水量年际变化也表现出1969—2003年减少、2004—2018年增多的趋势,且需水量多的年份缺水量也多,近50 a平均需水量和缺水量分别为497.8 mm、349.1 mm;空间分布上均呈自坝上高原向坝下山地增多特点,且需水量大的地区缺水量也多。3)马铃薯块茎膨大期需水量最多,期间也是缺水量最多的时期。研究结果显示1969—2018年冀北地区马铃薯生育期内水资源一直处于严重亏缺状态,在生产中需充分考虑马铃薯需水量对气象要素变化的响应,加强水分管理,确保水资源高效利用。